SDL TRANSLATION

GROUP 1

4SA04

ADITYA RIDWAN KUSWIDIANTO

DIAH TRY MAYANG SARI

LILI SAHARA

MEILANI YUNDA PRATIWI

TRISWATI

SDL is an online translation that enables individuals and business with a simple way to translate documents, text, article, and pdf.

SDL FUNCTION

• Providing 43 languages.

• Not only translate web page as like Google Translate but also can translate the files/documents with format .doc, .docx, .xlsx, .odt, .pdf, .ppt, .pptx, .xml, .htm, .html, .its, and .txt with the maximum size 5MB.
• Digital content management and language solutions simplify the complexity of bringing translations, marketing, and technical content to global markets.
•  SDL Translate is your go-to app for translation anywhere, anytime (translate on the go). Use SDL Translate Android app to communicate while you travel, chat with friends, or to help you learn a new language. With text to speech and seamless sharing.

ADVANTAGES

• It can translate text into 43 languages for free with 10.000 words at a time.
• Not only translate web page but also can translate the files/documents with format .doc, .docx, .xlsx, .odt, .pdf, .ppt, .pptx, .xml, .htm, .html, .its, and .txt with the maximum size 5MB.

DISADVANTAGES

• The language is not natural. It is depending on the original text.
•  Sdl cannot recognize the context of text and cannot translate idioms and phrase

Idioms

• SDL cannot translate from pages of novel since they only translates it literally and couldn’t convey any figurative meanings that often meet in several novels.

HOW TO USE IT

• Open this web page on your browser https://www.freetranslation.com/

• Choose the Source language that you want to translate into Target Language. 

•  Start type anything that you want to translate

• Click the green translate button

• If you want to translate files/documents, click “choose a file” button

• Browse the files/documents that you want translate

• Wait the uploading process until is done

•  Download the result files/documents, click the download button.

PENERJEMAHAN BERBANTUAN KOMPUTER

Group 1:

Aditya Ridwan

Diah Try Mayang Sari

Lili Sahara

Meilani Yunda

Triswati

3. Strategi Struktural dalam Penerjemahan

Ada tiga strategi dasar yang berkenaan dangan masalah struktur, yaitu:

Penambahan

Penambahan di sini adalah penambahan kata-kata di dalam bahasa sasaran. Penambahan jenis ini bukanlah masalah pilihan tetapi kaharusan.

Pengurangan

Pengurangan artinya adanya pengurangan elemen structural di dalam bahasa sasaran. Seperti halnya penambahan, pengurangan ini merupakan keharusan.

Transposisi

Transposisi adalah suatu keharusan apabila tanpa strategi ini makna bahasa sumber tidak tersampaikan. Transposisi menjadi pilihan apabila dilakukan hanya karena alasan gaya bahasa saja. Dengan strategi ini penerjemah mengubah struktur asli bahasa sumber di dalam bahasa sasaran untuk mencapai efek yang padan. Pengubahan ini bisa pengubahan bentuk jamak ke bentuk tunggal, posisi kata sifat, sampai pengubahan struktur kalimat secara keseluruhan. Pemisahan satu kalimat bahasa sumber menjadi dua kalimat bahasa sasaran atau lebih, atau penggabungan dua kalimat bahasa sumber atau lebih menjadi satu kalimat bahasa sasaran juga termasuk di dalam strategi ini.

Transposisi juga bisa dilakukan karena pertimbangan gaya bahasa atau stilistika.

______________________________________________________________

3. Structural Strategies in Translation.

Addition

The mean of addition is the increasing of words in the target language. A kind of this addition is not a choice but necessity.

Reduction

Reduction means that there is reduction of structural elements in the target language, it is same as addition, this reduction is necessity.

Transposition

Transposition is a necessity because without this strategy, the meaning of the source language is not achieved. If transposition is done merely since about the figurative language only, it can be an option. With this strategy the translator changes the language to achieve the equal effect. This transposition can transpose the form plural into singular, the position of adjective until the transposition of sentence structure completely. Separation of the source language sentence into two sentences of the target language or more, or merging two or more sentences of the source language become one sentence of the target language also included in this strategy.

      Transposition can also be attempted because of figurative language or stylistic consideration.           

REPORTED SPEECH

Reported Statements

When do we use reported speech? Sometimes someone says a sentence, for example "I'm going to the cinema tonight". Later, maybe we want to tell someone else what the first person said.

Here's how it works:

We use a 'reporting verb' like 'say' or 'tell'.  If this verb is in the present tense, it's easy. We just put 'she says' and then the sentence:

• Direct speech: “I like ice cream”.
• Reported speech: She says (that) she likes ice cream.

We don't need to change the tense, though probably we do need to change the 'person' from 'I' to 'she', for example. We also may need to change words like 'my' and 'your'.

(As I'm sure you know, often, we can choose if we want to use 'that' or not in English. I've put it in brackets () to show that it's optional. It's exactly the same if you use 'that' or if you don't use 'that'.)

But, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually we change the tenses in the reported speech:

• Direct speech: “I like ice cream”.
• Reported speech: She said (that) she liked ice cream.

Tense	Direct Speech	Reported Speech
present simple	“I like ice cream”	She said (that) she liked ice cream.
present continuous	“I am living in London”	She said (that) she was living in London.
past simple	“I bought a car”	She said (that) she had bought a car OR She said (that) she bought a car.
past continuous	“I was walking along the street”	She said (that) she had been walking along the street.
present perfect	“I haven't seen Julie”	She said (that) she hadn't seen Julie.
past perfect*	“I had taken English lessons before”	She said (that) she had taken English lessons before.
will	“I'll see you later”	She said (that) she would see me later.
would*	“I would help, but..”	She said (that) she would help but...
can	“I can speak perfect English”	She said (that) she could speak perfect English.
could*	“I could swim when I was four”	She said (that) she could swim when she was four.
shall	“I shall come later”	She said (that) she would come later.
should*	“I should call my mother”	She said (that) she should call her mother
might*	"I might be late"	She said (that) she might be late
must	"I must study at the weekend"	She said (that) she must study at the weekend OR She said she had to study at the weekend

* doesn't change.

Occasionally, we don't need to change the present tense into the past if the information in direct speech is still true (but this is only for things which are general facts, and even then usually we like to change the tense):

• Direct speech: “The sky is blue”.
• Reported speech: She said (that) the sky is/was blue.

Reported Questions

So now you have no problem with making reported speech from positive and negative sentences. But how about questions?

• Direct speech: "Where do you live?"

How can we make the reported speech here?

In fact, it's not so different from reported statements. The tense changes are the same, and we keep the question word. The very important thing though is that, once we tell the question to someone else, it isn't a question any more. So we need to change the grammar to a normal positive sentence. A bit confusing? Maybe this example will help:

• Direct speech: "Where do you live?"
• Reported speech: She asked me where I lived.

Do you see how I made it? The direct question is in the present simple tense. We make a present simple question with 'do' or 'does' so I need to take that away. Then I need to change the verb to the past simple. 

Another example:

• Direct speech: "where is Julie?"
• Reported speech: She asked me where Julie was.

The direct question is the present simple of 'be'. We make the question form of the present simple of be by inverting (changing the position of)the subject and verb. So, we need to change them back before putting the verb into the past simple.

Here are some more examples:

Direct Question	Reported Question
“Where is the Post Office, please?”	She asked me where the Post Office was.
“What are you doing?”	She asked me what I was doing.
“Who was that fantastic man?”	She asked me who that fantastic man had been.

So much for 'wh' questions. But, what if you need to report a 'yes / no' question? We don't have any question words to help us. Instead, we use 'if':

• Direct speech: "Do you like chocolate?"
• Reported speech: She asked me if I liked chocolate.

No problem? Here are a few more examples:

Direct Question	Reported Question
“Do you love me?”	He asked me if I loved him.
“Have you ever been to Mexico?”	She asked me if I had ever been to Mexico.
“Are you living here?”	She asked me if I was living here.

Reported Requests

There's more! What if someone asks you to do something (in a polite way)? For example:

• Direct speech: "Close the window, please"
• Or: "Could you close the window please?"
• Or: "Would you mind closing the window please?"

All of these requests mean the same thing, so we don't need to report every word when we tell another person about it. We simply use 'ask me + to + infinitive':

• Reported speech: She asked me to close the window.

Here are a few more examples: 

Direct Request	Reported Request
“Please help me”.	She asked me to help her.
“Please don't smoke”.	She asked me not to smoke.
“Could you bring my book tonight?”	She asked me to bring her book that night.
“Could you pass the milk, please?”	She asked me to pass the milk.
“Would you mind coming early tomorrow?”	She asked me to come early the next day.

To report a negative request, use 'not':

• Direct speech: "Please don't be late."
• Reported speech: She asked us not to be late.

Reported Orders

And finally, how about if someone doesn't ask so politely? We can call this an 'order' in English, when someone tells you very directly to do something. For example:

• Direct speech: "Sit down!"

In fact, we make this into reported speech in the same way as a request. We just use 'tell' instead of 'ask':

• Reported speech: She told me to sit down.

Direct Order	Reported Order
“Go to bed!”	He told the child to go to bed.
“Don't worry!”	He told her not to worry.
“Be on time!”	He told me to be on time.
“Don't smoke!”	He told us not to smoke.

Sometimes when we change direct speech into reported speech we have to change time expressions too. We don't always have to do this, however. It depends on when we heard the direct speech and when we say the reported speech.

For example:

It's Monday. Julie says "I'm leaving today".

If I tell someone on Monday, I say "Julie said she was leaving today".

If I tell someone on Tuesday, I say "Julie said she was leaving yesterday".

If I tell someone on Wednesday, I say "Julie said she was leaving on Monday".

If I tell someone a month later, I say "Julie said she was leaving that day".

So, there's no easy conversion. You really have to think about when the direct speech was said.

Here's a table of some possible conversions:

now	then / at that time
today	yesterday / that day / Tuesday / the 27th of June
yesterday	the day before yesterday / the day before / Wednesday / the 5th of December
last night	the night before, Thursday night
last week	the week before / the previous week
tomorrow	today / the next day / the following day / Friday

Imperative Sentence

An imperative sentence gives a direct command. It can end in a full stop or an exclamation mark, depending on the forcefulness of the command.

The main verb in an imperative sentence is said to be in the imperative mood.

Examples of Imperative Sentences

Here are some examples of imperative sentences:

• Clear this desk by tomorrow!
• Please tidy your room.
• Consider the lily.
• Drive to the roundabout and then turn left.

A Period (Full Stop) or Exclamation Mark with an Imperative Sentence?

If the command is forceful, use an exclamation mark. For example:

Get out!

If the command is polite or in the form of advice, use period / full stop. For example:

Please leave.

Do not condemn the judgement of another because it differs from your own. (Dandemis)

Other Sentence Types

Here are some examples of other sentence types:

Declarative Sentence

A declarative sentence states a fact or an argument and ends with a 

full stop / period. For example:

• Lee has caught another whelk.

Interrogative Sentence

An interrogative sentence asks a question. It ends with a question mark (?). For example:

• Is that another whelk, Lee?

Exclamatory Sentence

An exclamatory sentence expresses excitement or emotion. It ends with an exclamation mark (!). For example:

• I've hooked another whelk!

EXERCISE

Complete the sentences in reported speech.

John said, "I love this town.". John said _________________

"Do you like soccer ?" He asked me. He asked me _____________

"I can't drive a lorry," he said. He said __________________

"Be nice to your brother," he said. He asked me _________________

"Don't be nasty," he said. He urged me ________________________

"Don't waste your money" she said. She told the boys ___________________

"What have you decided to do?" she asked him. She asked him _______________

"I always wake up early," he said. He said ___________________

"You should revise your lessons," he said. He advised the students _____________

"Where have you been?" he asked me. He wanted to know________________

Source:

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/reported-speech.html

http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-reported-speech.php

http://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/imperative_sentence.htm

MODAL AUXILIARIES

What is Modal Auxiliaries?

Modal Auxiliary is a type of verb that is used to indicate modality (that is, likelihood, ability, permission, and obligation.). Modal phrases are used to express the same things as modals, but are a combination of auxiliary verbs and the preposition to. The modal in English is can, could, will, would, should, may, might, must, ought and shall

What to keep in mind when using modals

Explanation	Sample sentences
Do not use modals for things which happen definitely.	The sun rises in the east. - A modal can't be used in this sentence.
They have no -s in the 3rd person singular.	He can play football.
Questions are formed without do/does/did.	Can he speak Spanish?
It follows a main verb in its infinitive.	They must read the book.
There are no past froms (except could and would).	He was allowed to watch the film.
When you use the past particple you tell about things whichdid not happen in the past.	You should have told me.

Let's look at each modal verb separately, and the functions they help to express:

WILL

Making personal predictions

• I don't think the Queen will ever abdicate.
• I doubt if I'll stay here much longer.

Talking about the present with certainty (making deductions)

• I'm sure you will understand that there is nothing the Department can do.
• There's a letter for you. It'll be from the bank: they said they'd be writing.

Talking about the future with certainty

• I won't be in the office until 11; I've got a meeting.
• Don't bother ringing: they'll have left for their 10 o'clock lecture.

Talking about the past with certainty

• I'm sure you will have noticed that attendance has fallen sharply.

Reassuring someone

• Don't worry! You'll settle down quickly, I'm sure.
• It'll be all right! You won't have to speak by yourself.

Making a decision

• For the main course I'll have grilled tuna.
• I'm very tired. I think I'll stay at home tonight.

Making a semi-formal request

• Will you open the window, please? It's very hot in here.
• Sign this, will you?

Offering to do something

• You stay there! I'll fetch the drinks.

Insistence; habitual behaviour

• I'm not surprised you don't know what to do! You will keep talking in class.
• Damn! My car won't start. I'll have to call the garage.

Making a promise or a threat

• You can count on me! I'll be there at 8 o'clock sharp.
• If you don't finish your dinner off, you'll go straight to bed!

SHALL

Shall is a form of will, used mostly in the first person. Its use, however, is decreasing, and in any case in spoken English it would be contracted to "-ll" and be indistinguishable from will.

The only time you do need to use it is in questions, when:

Making offers

• Shall I fetch you another glass of wine?

Making suggestions

• Shall we go to the cinema tonight?

MAY & MIGHT

May & might sometimes have virtually the same meaning; they are used to talk about possibilities in the past, present or future. ("Could" is also sometimes used).

May is sometimes a little bit "more sure" (50% chance); whereas might expresses more doubt (maybe only a 30% chance).

May & might are used, then, for:

Talking about the present or future with uncertainty

• She may be back in her office: the lecture finished ten minutes ago.
• I may go shopping tonight, I haven't decided yet.
• England might win the World Cup, you never know.

Talking about the past with uncertainty

• I'm surprised he failed. I suppose he might have been ill on the day of the exam.

They can also sometimes be used for talking about permission, but usually only in formal situations. Instead of saying May I open a window? we would say Is it all right/OK if I open a window? or Can I open a window? for example. You might, however, see:

• Students may not borrow equipment without written permission.

MAY

Talking about things that can happen in certain situations

• If the monitors are used in poorly lit places, some users may experience headaches.
• Each nurse may be responsible for up to twenty patients.

With a similar meaning to although

• The experiment may have been a success, but there is still a lot of work to be done. (= Although it was a success, there is still ...)

MIGHT

Saying that something was possible, but did not actually happen

• You saw me standing at the bus stop! You might have stopped and given me a lift!

WOULD

As the past of will, for example in indirect speech

• "The next meeting will be in a month's time" becomes
• He said the next meeting would be in a month's time.

Polite requests and offers (a 'softer' form of will)

• Would you like another cup of tea?
• Would you give me a ring after lunch?
• I'd like the roast duck, please.

In conditionals, to indicate 'distance from reality': imagined, unreal, impossible situations

• If I ruled the world, every day would be the first day of Spring.
• It would have been better if you'd word processed your assignment.

After 'wish', to show regret or irritation over someone (or something's) refusal or insistence on doing something (present or future)

• I wish you wouldn't keep interrupting me.
• I wish it would snow.

(This is a complicated area! Check in a good grammar book for full details!)

Talking about past habits (similiar meaning to used to)

• When I was small, we would always visit relatives on Christmas Day.

Future in the past

• The assassination would become one of the key events of the century.

CAN & COULD

Talking about ability

• Can you speak Mandarin? (present)
• She could play the piano when she was five. (past)

Making requests

• Can you give me a ring at about 10?
• Could you speak up a bit please? (slightly more formal, polite or 'softer')

Asking permission

• Can I ask you a question?
• Could I ask you a personal question? (more formal, polite or indirect)

Reported speech

• Could is used as the past of can.
• He asked me if I could pick him up after work.

General possibility

• You can drive when you're 17. (present)
• Women couldn't vote until just after the First World War.

Choice and opportunities

• If you want some help with your writing, you can come to classes, or you can get some 1:1 help.
• We could go to Stratford tomorrow, but the forecast's not brilliant. (less definite)

Future probability

Could (NOT can) is sometimes used in the same way as might or may, often indicating something less definite.

• When I leave university I might travel around a bit, I might do an MA or I suppose I could even get a job.

Present possibility

• I think you could be right you know. (NOT can)
• That can't be the right answer, it just doesn't make sense.

Past possibility

• If I'd known the lecture had been cancelled, I could have stayed in bed longer.

MUST

Examples here refer to British English; there is some variation in American English.

Necessity and obligation

Must is often used to indicate 'personal' obligation; what you think you yourself or other people/things must do. If the obligation comes from outside (eg a rule or law), then have to is often (but not always) preferred:

• I really must get some exercise.
• People must try to be more tolerant of each other.
• You musn't look - promise?
• If you own a car, you have to pay an annual road tax.

Strong advice and invitations

• I think you really must make more of an effort.
• You must go and see the film - it's brilliant.
• You must come and see me next time you're in town.

Saying you think something is certain

• This must be the place - there's a white car parked outside.
• You must be mad.
• What a suntan! You must have had great weather.

The negative is expressed by can't:

• You're going to sell your guitar! You can't be serious!
• She didn't wave - she can't have seen me.

SHOULD

Giving advice

• I think you should go for the Alfa rather than the Audi.
• You shouldn't be drinking if you're on antibiotics.
• You shouldn't have ordered that chocolate dessert - you're not going to finish it.

Obligation: weak form of must

• The university should provide more sports facilities.
• The equipment should be inspected regularly.

Deduction

• The letter should get to you tomorrow - I posted it first class.

Things which didn't or may/may not have happened

• I should have renewed my TV licence last month, but I forgot.
• You shouldn't have spent so much time on that first question.

Ought to

Ought to usually has the same meaning as should, particularly in affirmative statements in the present:

• You should/ought to get your hair cut.

Should is much more common (and easier to say!), so if you're not sure, use should.

Exercises

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the following modals:
can, could, be able to, may, might, shall, should, must, have to, don’t have to, need to
– You may have to make the modals negative according to the context of the sentence.
– There may be more than one possibility.

1. He has to take his car to be serviced. The brakes are squeaking.
2. Would you please save me a seat at the dinner event.

Questions:

1. If you are sick, you ________ go to work. You’ll infect everyone there.
2. Drivers _______ stop at red lights.
3. You _______ finish the proposal today. You can finish it tomorrow.
4. She ______ hear much better with her new hearing aids.
5. ______ I order us a bottle of wine?
6. Sam ______ pick his daughter up from school. She’s taking the bus home.
7. You _____________ smoke here. It’s a smoke-free building.
8. You ________ eat so many sweets. They are bad for you.
9. _________ you mind walking a little faster? We’re going to be late.
10. I’m sorry. I _______ help you. I don’t know how to do it.

Answers:

1. shouldn’t
2. must
3. don’t have to
4. can
5. shall
6. needn’t
7. mustn’t
8. shouldn’t
9. would
10. can’t

Sources

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_verb

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/hilfsverben1.htm

http://library.bcu.ac.uk/learner/Grammar%20Guides/3.07%20Modals.htm

http://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/verbs/modal-verbs/